Without question, [Bitcoin (BTC)](/coins/btc) and the Bitcoin network are the best-known names in blockchain and cryptocurrency. 

The individual, or group, behind the invention of Bitcoin, remains pseudonymous, and this has arguably had a massive impact on the community.  Additionally, there is no individual with total power or control over the system. 

 
 

## Cryptography 


A simplistic way to think of Bitcoin is a combination of computing, cryptography, and a system of economic competition designed to ensure following the rules is in everyone’s best interest, without a central authority. The network manages itself, with no single party controlling the system. 
Honest work that supports the network, such as validating transactions, is rewarded, creating a mechanism for new bitcoin to be programmatically introduced into the system in a predictable way, achieving the key quality of scarcity. 
While Bitcoin participants may at times have conflicting interests, they share the goal of seeing Bitcoin succeed. But who controls the Bitcoin ledger, and how does it achieve sound money? 

 

## Design 

 
 

Bitcoin can be explained as a peer-to-peer network of computers all following a set of rules and instructions (the Bitcoin protocol) for validating transactions and issuing new coins. Any computer running any software that respects these rules - Bitcoin Nodes - can participate in the Bitcoin network.  
 

The protocol is like the banking laws of a country, but the Bitcoin protocol is enforced by code, and not by law. 

Bitcoin has a ledger of all the transactions - the blockchain - where transactions are recorded in blocks created at set intervals and connected to the previous block to create a chain. Then there is the mechanism for adding blocks to the chain and reaching an agreement, or consensus, that transactions are valid and the chain accurate – this is mining. 

The ledger and the way transactions are validated are revolutionary.  

We trust banks to maintain the integrity of their ledgers, but cannot verify this for ourselves. On the Bitcoin network, anyone can have a copy of the ledger containing every transaction ever made. This allows everyone to mathematically verify that every transaction in it is legitimate, and transactions that don’t respect the rules are automatically rejected by the software. 

This does lead to questions, however. For example, how do we all agree that the current version is the most up to date one and how can thousands of computers reach consensus without someone in charge? 

 
 

## Mining  

 
 

[Mining](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bitcoin-mining.asp) is about solving a complex mathematical problem, and it is competitive, with the winner being able to add to the chain of transactions and receive a reward. 

Everyone can verify that the solution is right, so if a miner cheats, other participants will simply discard the block.  

In theory, anyone can mine, but the maths problems are so difficult, and the competition so fierce, you’d need a lot of specialised computer equipment. Despite the costs this can involve, it can be very profitable, and the competition ensures no one person has complete control. 

## Supply 

 
As mentioned, mining is also the way new bitcoin (BTC) enters the system. When a miner gets to add a new block of transactions to the blockchain, they receive a reward of new bitcoins. 

The transaction fee is the sum of fees paid for all transactions included in that block, which vary according to demand. This is BTC already in circulation. 

The block rewards, however, are entirely new coins and currently set at 6.25 BTC per block until 2024. This process will continue until all 21 million BTC are released, at which point miners will only receive transaction fees. 

It is this which gives BTC the scarcity its value needs. 

 
 

## Sound Money 

 
 

So, bitcoin achieves reliable digital scarcity with no one in charge. What about the other properties of sound money? 

- **Durability** – As every node has a copy of the ledger, destroying the Bitcoin network would require that all 50,000 nodes be destroyed at the same time, along with all backups. Unlikely. 

- **Divisibility** – The smallest unit of Bitcoin is the satoshi, which is 1/100,000,000 of one coin. That’s far more precise than even the smallest microtransactions would require, although network fees make that level of precision impractical at the moment. 

- **Fungibility** - All Bitcoin have equal value, just like one gram of gold is equal to any other gram of gold. 

- **Portability** – It is entirely digital and incredibly portable, and can be stored on a computer, mobile phone, and on paper. 

 
 

## Limitations 

 
No system is entirely perfect. For the Bitcoin network, the chief limitation focuses on the relationship between security, scalability, and decentralisation.  

- Scalability is the capacity of the system to execute a higher volume of transactions  

- Security is the capacity to protect the ledger from cheating and attacks  

- Decentralisation is what stops any one party from controlling the network 



When you design a network, you have to make trade-offs in this area as you can’t have all three completely. [Fiat currency](link) is scalable and quite secure, but is centralised and controlled by a small group. Meanwhile, Bitcoin is focused on decentralisation and is secure, but at the price of scalability. 

 

At the moment, Bitcoin's maximum transaction speed makes it impractical to scale (compare five transactions per second to the reported 50,000+ leading debit/card handlers deal with). This, to an extent, is why bitcoin is stored for value rather than used as a medium of exchange. 

What is Bitcoin? A Guide

Bitcoin and other popular cryptocurrencies seem to be rallying after a frightful start to the 2022 trading season, but not before we stood in horror watching the digital assets market sink to its lowest levels since last summer earlier this month.  The world’s most popular and heavily capitalised cryptocurrency, [Bitcoin](/coins/btc), sank well below the “psychological” $40,000 _floor_ last week, to an anaemic value of $32,982.  Bitcoin recovered some of its footing this week, reaching a price of $36,000, as aggressive investors began to dip their toes back in the digital waters – that’s progress, but certainly well off the bellwether’s high of $69,000 last November.

2021 was arguably one of the most astonishing years for cryptocurrencies as the market finally broke through a ceiling of sorts and achieved a state of “mainstream adoption”.  Interest in digital assets soared as the first ever Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) was introduced on the New York Stock Exchange last fall (under the ticker “[BITO](https://www.proshares.com/our-etfs/strategic/bito)”), El-Salvador formally adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, and interest in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) reached a fever pitch after the artist known as Beeple, sold his NFT artwork, called “Everydays: The First 5000 Days,” last Spring for a mind-numbing $69 million.

All this interest and hoopla over cryptocurrencies sent the value of the digital assets market past the $2 trillion mark.

We get it.  After all the euphoria we experienced during cryptocurrency’s 2021 trading season, and the subsequent market crash that has erased the last 6 months of progress, the thought of having to report the profits from those crypto-purchases last year to a governmental authority probably sounds terribly unappealing.  Take heed.  If you’ve experienced any thoughts or are considering concealing profits that you’ve made from any cryptocurrency trades from the tax man, it wouldn’t be a prudent course-of-action. 

Am I being paranoid?  Hardly.  The IRS in America has been perfectly clear in the fact that they are watching cryptocurrency as closely as they ever have.  This will become all too evident when you look at page one of your tax returns this year.  On it, there is likely to be a _yes_ or _no_ option at the top of the first page asking about your ownership of _any_ “virtual currency.”

After the year cryptocurrencies had in 2021, and the 5000% gains experienced by some assets, trust us, the tax professionals are hardly _the least_ informed on what’s happening in the digital assets market.  So, don’t try feigning ignorance.  Claiming that “you didn’t know” isn’t an option for 2021, or beyond.

Being willfully dishonest on a government document can subject you to penalties that include perjury.  That’s a bad way to start 2022.  In the last analysis, any _selling_ and _buying_ of any type of digital assets that took place in 2021 _is expected_ to be reported.  If the extent of your trading was buying and simply holding, you likely won’t owe a thing…yet.

The time to ask questions of your tax professional is before you file, not after.

Cryptocurrency Mainstream Adoption Rises

A sense of optimism hung in the crypto air this morning as [Bitcoin](/coins/btc) and other major cryptocurrencies bounced strongly after a week of heavy losses.

At the time of writing, the price of Bitcoin stood at $36,460 representing an increase of 8.10% in the last 24 hours while Ethereum gained 8.23% reaching a price of $2,423. The total market cap of crypto currently stands at $1.65 trillion, an increase of 7.71%. After a week of absolute carnage, it appears that investors have indeed bought the dip demonstrating continued strength in the cryptocurrency market.

## Increasing correlation to traditional markets

Bitcoin began its bounce on Monday as US east coast traders returned to their desks after lunch. Interestingly the US equity market also saw a strong surge during the same time indicating Bitcoin’s increased correlation with traditional markets. With many eyes on today’s meeting of the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee (FOMC) which is anticipated to discuss interest rate rises and continued asset purchases, this week could be very interesting indeed.

The Relative Strength Index continues to indicate Bitcoin is heavily oversold which would suggest a turnaround is imminent as buyers seek to take advantage of the discounted prices. As we have mentioned before, historically Bitcoin often begins strong rallies after precipitous falls. Could this be the start of a rally to new all-time highs?

## Alt season on hold?

Mike McGlone, Chief Commodity Strategist at Bloomberg Intelligence however was not so optimistic for altcoins going on record to say, “Price reversion in crypto is likely to spread in 2022 after the assets were a poster child of speculative inflationary excess in 2021, but Bitcoin stands to come out ahead.”

However, as we can see above many of the major altcoins demonstrated as much resilience in Bitcoin with equally strong bounces. Solana, Polkadot, Atom, and Avalanche all posted 24-hour gains ranging between 12% and 17% respectively. The crypto market may be down, but it is certainly not out.

## ‘I'm loving it’

Finally, in a candidate for tweet of the year already the official Twitter account of McDonald’s Restaurants asked “[how are you doing people who run crypto twitter accounts?](https://twitter.com/McDonalds/status/1485726032967704582)” Demonstrating the humour and camaraderie that has come to be associated with what is known as ‘crypto Twitter’ McDonald’s are clearly getting their own back on all those crypto tweeters who see a job at McDonald’s as the last resort in a prolonged bear market. However, I and many others have a feeling that McDonald’s will soon be eating their own words, with extra fries.

Bitcoin and Crypto Rebound After Week of Loss

[Bitcoin](/news/category/bitcoin-news) traders woke to yet more shock Monday morning as the price of the asset tumbled to further localised lows.

At time of press, the price of the world’s number one digital asset sat at $33,728 – a fall of 5.52% in the last 24 hours. However, with the price of Bitcoin bottoming at $33,243 at 11:09 UTC this morning the current price shows that there are buyers at this level but as you may well imagine traders and investors are treading with extreme caution. 

Bitcoin wasn’t the only crypto to experience a devastating fall in value. The entire market also dropped sharply and currently stands at $1.54 trillion representing a fall of 7.01% in the last 24 hours.

## Outside factors

With market and network fundamentals at their strongest in years many investors are looking for outside factors as the reason behind the latest market crash. Tensions between Russia and NATO led allies continue to simmer over a Russian military build up at the Ukrainian border and while Russia insists it has no plans to invade, the USA and the UK have already told their embassy staff to begin making plans to leave the country. In contrast, the EU have no plans to fly diplomats out of Ukraine and is at a loss to explain why the USA and UK have given the green light adding ‘the US has not given any clear justification for its decision’.

As we reported on Friday, cryptocurrency and digital assets are still seen by many as risk-on investments which in times of uncertainty are often the first to be sacrificed, regardless of market strength.

However, there are other angles at play in this situation which many in the crypto community believe are having an impact on market activity. The US have threatened Russia with economic sanctions which will ‘bring the country to its knees’ should the country decide to stage an invasion of Ukraine. In practical terms this means deactivating Russia from the SWIFT network which has been used by every nation state to transfer capital around the world since 1972.

## ‘Alternative rails of finance’

In retaliation to the threat from Joe Biden, Russia have spoken of using ‘alternative rails of finance’ which many people believe is a nod toward distributed and decentralised networks able to move large amounts of capital such as Ripplenet or Stellar Lumens. However, with both of these firms originating in the US it is hard to believe Russia would choose to adopt their services. That being said the nature of many cryptocurrency networks is borderless and the vision they hold for the future is one of harmonious trade with drastically reduced friction in terms of policy, regulation and cost.

The last thing the world needs right now is yet another conflict and personally speaking I don’t think that is going to happen. I do believe however that a movement away from out of date and weighted legacy payment systems such as SWIFT towards the large scale use of decentralised and distributed networks that enable a fairer and balanced global economic environment is only a matter of time. However what time frame this financial transformation occurs on is anybody's guess.


Crypto Price Down as Ukraine Crisis Hits

The price of [Bitcoin](/news/category/bitcoin-news) suffered further crash losses today as the value of the world’s foremost digital currency dropped below $40,000 usd for the first time in six months. While recovering slightly since a precipitous fall to $38,250 in the early hours of this morning, the price of Bitcoin is currently trading at $39,022 usd leaving many investors to speculate what caused the drop.

The Bitcoin network has never been stronger with the hash rate at all time highs. The hash rate is the metric which illustrates the computing power needed to mine Bitcoin. A higher hash rate demonstrates confidence in the network and its long term growth. After dipping in mid 2021 the hash rate has recently rebounded to record highs.

## External influences

It is often said that positive price action usually follows higher hash rates however looking at the current market performance this is clearly not the case. As we know the cost of mining is closely tied to the price of Bitcoin. For large scale mining farms to be profitable miners need to know their break even point and calculations based on the current hash rate indicate this to be around $34,000 usd.

With the network in good health it is pertinent to look for outside factors which may have caused investors to sell off.

## $600 million ways to fry

Many people are pointing towards Friday’s options expiry of some $600 million in open interest contracts as a major factor in the price crash of Bitcoin. After almost two weeks of sideways action many investors believed that $40,000 usd represented a solid price floor. However, with speculators gambling on the value of Bitcoin through futures based ETF’s the price of an unregulated asset such as Bitcoin is always going to be open to manipulation. When you add in the fact that leveraged Bitcoin liquidations across trading platforms account for $292 million the picture of market manipulation becomes clear. Regulation has never been more needed in an industry desperate to break into the mainstream.

## Ukraine crisis

History shows us investors do not like uncertainty and when anxiety is in the air capital is often pulled from high risk assets into safe havens. Although Bitcoin is more frequently viewed as a risk free hedge to rising rates of inflation it is still considered by many to be a risk-on investment. Therefore, with the crisis in Ukraine bringing increased uncertainty to worldwide markets it is prudent to believe that a degree of long term profit is banked as significant capital leaves the market. The difficult question any serious investor should be asking right now is what and  how long will it take before Bitcoin inevitably bounces back?


Bitcoin below $40,000 for first time in 6 months

[Bitcoin](/news/category/bitcoin-news) price action remains stable but is a value surge just around the corner?

The price of Bitcoin has been steadily declining since 8th November leaving many to speculate the bull run is finally over. With a retracement close to 40% it is easy to see why this is a popular narrative. However, there are many people who believe Bitcoin has one and possibly two more bull runs left in the tank. What are the factors behind this optimism and when could this occur?

## Price volatility at record low

The current price of Bitcoin stands at $41,876 representing a fall of 2% in the last 24 hours. Bitcoin has been range bound between roughly $41,000 and $43,000 since 6th January which in the volatile land of unregulated cryptocurrency is something of a rarity. Clearly retail investors have been spooked and institutional investors are buying their time.

This price stability is reflected in the volatility, which according to the Bitcoin Volatility Index is at its lowest point since November 2021 at 2.63%. Low volatility might not be attractive to traders but from an institutional adoption angle it represents maturity and stability which in turn generates interest. Therefore the ‘boring’ price action of Bitcoin may be just what is needed to encourage more large-scale investors to the crypto table.

## Bitcoin fear and greed index

As mentioned above, the price of Bitcoin has seen a sharp pull back from record highs of November 2021. In turn, retail investment has practically disappeared as many people fear getting burnt or worse. This market sentiment is measured by the handy Fear and Greed Index which uses a handful of factors to assess how traders are likely to react given the current price. The current Fear & Greed Index score is 24% representing Extreme Fear which to the bold investor is the perfect time to buy.

## China Bitcoin ban

Many people believe the price decline of Bitcoin since November 2021 could be related to yet another Chinese Bitcoin mining and trading ban as investors in the far east sell off and take profits. This would explain the 40% drawback as a large proportion of Bitcoin mining occurred in China before the ban. The USA now accounts for the highest percentage of hashpower in the world.

Historically speaking, Bitcoin has a habit of launching a price surge just when everyone thinks the asset is dead and it is headed for zero. This could easily be the case here. The development of the Bitcoin network has come too far in the last 24 months for it to crash and burn and the adoption of nation states such as Venezuela, El Salvador and lately Tonga show just how much credibility Bitcoin still has in the tank.

## Cleaning Up Cryptocurrency

The real question is why isn't anyone buying Bitcoin, and other crypto for that matter, in large enough quantities to move the market which was evident at time throughout 2021. This could be due to many factors. As we have discussed before the market is in dire need of regulation and its absence deters many traditional investors looking to enter the space. 

Later this week US Congress is due to host a hearing of the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee entitles “Cleaning Up Cryptocurrency: The energy impacts of blockchain” which is sure to make recommendations which will impact the development of the market. So, is circa $40,000 the new floor? Will it hold? And once we have regulatory clarity will investors return to the table in record numbers? Only time will tell.



Is the Bitcoin price stagnant or stable?

The largest city in Brazil is planning to invest 1% of the city’s financial reserves into [Bitcoin](/coins/btc) it was revealed yesterday.

In an attempt to rebrand the city as ‘Crypto Rio’ mayor of Rio de Janiero, Eduardo Paes, recently announced that “We are going to launch Crypto Rio and invest 1% of the treasury in cryptocurrency – the government has a role to play”.

## Property Tax Discount

The announcement came during Rio Innovation Week and was released through news agency O Globo. The revelation came as Mr Paes discussed Rio’s cryptocurrency future as he shared a stage with the mayor of Miami, Francis Suarez. The discussion also included plans to consider a 10% discount on all property tax which is paid in Bitcoin. Rio de Janeiro city Finance Secretary Pedro Paulo commented “Let us study the legal framework to do this”.

In a move that closely follows neighbours El Salvador, the Brazillian government is clearly warming to the idea of integrating cryptocurrency payments. In November last year Federal Deputy Luizão Goulart proposed a bill to legalise crypto as a payment method for both public and private sector workers in the country.

The following month leading crypto payment firm in Brazil, MercadoPago, enabled all Brazilian residents access to buy, sell and hold all major cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Clearly Brazil is waking up to the economic advantages of adopting a digital framework throughout their economy.

## Inflation hedge

With inflation around the world continuing to rise, cryptocurrencies represent some of the best ways to reduce costs and increase network security and efficiency. In addition many people see Bitcoin itself as an alternative to gold and the perfect hedge against the weakening of fiat currencies.

The price of Bitcoin remains in the low $40,000’s with the price at time of press standing at $42,359 a fall of 3.72% in the last 24 hours. The overall market cap sits at $2.02 trillion, a pull back of 3.16%. Bitcoin market dominance is 39.7% which shows it is still the worlds best known and largest cryptocurrency by market cap. How long this remains the case is anyone’s guess however with major cities like Rio de Janeiro announcing their intention to invest in Bitcoin, the message to undecided or cautious investors is clear. [Buy Bitcoin](/trade).


Rio de Janeiro to invest 1% of city wealth into Bitcoin

There was fresh hope for the cryptocurrency market today as the [Bitcoin](/crypto coin news/bitcoin news) price registered the first positive action in three days.

The cryptocurrency market has been taking a hit recently with prices tumbling since many all time highs were reached in early November 2021. However, the last 7 days have seen prices stabilise in what many experts believe is the bottom of the recent price dip.

## Bitcoin price movement

At time of press, Bitcoin is currently trading at $42,029 with a 24 hour high of $42,663. Could this be the reversal that many people are hoping for? Bitcoin fell below $40,000 for the first time in 3 months yesterday (January 10th) when the price touched $39,816 across exchanges. The price bounced sharply showing strong buying support around and under $40,000. However, with global macro economic uncertainty Bitcoin is still considered by many as a speculative investment and high risk assets are often first to be sold in times of uncertainty.

## Wise decisions needed

The question cryptocurrency investors need to ask themselves at this point is what is considered high or medium risk? The future of cryptocurrency has never been so bright as many of the well established networks begin to come online and offer tangible cost and efficiency benefits to their loyal customers. However in a market saturated with meme coins, ponzi projects and rug pulls the savvy investor must choose wisely.

## Hedge against financial catastrophe

Legendary investor, Bill Miller, recently announced he has allocated 50% of his net worth into Bitcoin as an “insurance policy against financial catastrophe”. Does he know something the rest of us don’t? With over 40 years in the investment business it would be naïve to think Mt Miller is taking a speculative gamble on Bitcoin especially since he purchased his first Bitcoin in 2014. Mr Miller went on to say “the average investors should ask themselves what do they have in their portfolio which has Bitcoins track record – 1, is very, very under penetrated, 2, can provide as a hedge against financial catastrophe, 3, can increase in value 10 – 50x – the answer is nothing”.

## Market shake down

Clearly Mr Miller is very bullish on the future of Bitcoin which is a great help to counteract the negative feeling currently surrounding Bitcoin and the rest of the cryptocurrency market. Distributed networks and blockchain technology have the power to radically change the way we do business and make for a fairer and more balanced global community. 

However, there may be many more rough seas to cross before we reach the calm economic waters we all crave. I think the key is to invest wisely and stick to medium to large cap crypto with a working product, strong customer base and a clear road map for the future. The entire cryptocurrency market is long overdue a radical shake out which will leave behind only the strongest contenders. Choose wisely and make sure you are on the right side of history.



Is Bitcoin Price Back on the Up?

The world’s most heavily capitalised digital asset, Bitcoin, celebrated its 13th birthday last week, but the cryptocurrency market’s mood has been far from “celebratory,” despite all that Bitcoin has achieved since it was launched in 2009.   January 8th marked the seventh-straight day in a row that the digital asset’s value trended lower – Not since 2018 has there been such a steady decline.

Last year, while crypto-enthusiasts were applauding the digital assets market for finally achieving “mainstream adoption,” a crucial inflection point, other cryptocurrency analysts were trying to warn investors that the fever pitch and accelerated values may trigger a late year sell-off.  They were right. 

How did we get here?  As Bitcoin slips toward the psychological floor of $40K, crypto-investors are anxiously looking for any credible news or trends to suggest that the current market sell-off could finally be ending. 

Let’s all take a collective breath as we consider some important facts.

First, the month of January _always_ seems to spook investors with sudden dips.  This historically creates a domino effect that chases the newer investors out of the market, and it appears that 2022 will be more of the same.  Yes, this sell-off has been especially disconcerting as Bitcoin has shed 10% of its value in the first ten days of 2022, but a closer look at the market players reveals some answers. 

If one considers the role the Federal Reserve has had to play in all this, especially their reaction to the pandemic, the sell-off becomes less of a mystery.  During the pandemic, the Fed was very lenient on the economy and even went so far as to inject over $4 trillion into the economy.  It was a move to support the global marketplace while the world’s employers struggled to find a way to stay in business with much of their workforce needing (or wanting) to work remotely.  Now, as the world’s economies begin to stabilize, the Fed is starting to give signals that it may be thinking about taking some new steps to minimize the rate of inflation - rates that are now at their highest level in forty years.

A simple review of the minutes from last week’s Federal Reserve meeting served to only further fan those flames.  Word began to spread across the media channels, and the rout was on. 

It’s also worth noting that most investors still categorize cryptocurrencies as “high risk” investments.  In so doing, the cryptocurrency market will continue to react with _sell orders_ whenever the Fed hints at tempering the market like it did last week.  So, the big question becomes, especially for the investors who piled into the market late last year, when does this carnage end? 

As of this weekend, Bitcoin was down 35% from the all-time high, but some influential players are sensing better days are ahead.  Are they correct?  The price of Bitcoin is continuing to edge closer to the $39,570 mark.  That’s approximately where Bitcoin’s price hit a floor in September 2021, before going on an upward tear.

In fact, a strategist from Bloomberg made comments earlier suggesting that Bitcoin could _outperform_ traditional stocks in 2022, especially if any moves are made by the Fed to raise interest rates.  The strategist stated: “Cryptos are tops among the risky and speculative. If risk assets decline, it helps the Fed’s inflation fight. Becoming a global reserve asset, Bitcoin may be a primary beneficiary in that scenario.”

Remember, the technology behind these digital assets is still very new to the mainstream public, and there was a lot of FOMO activity that took place in late 2021.  As the market cools, it is establishing a new baseline.  We’ve been here before.

Is it time to pick up some bargains?

Cryptocurrencies Prices Plummet

[Bitcoin](/coins/btc) traders and investors continued to hold their breath today as the price of the world’s number one digital asset continued to fall.

At time of press, Bitcoin is trading at $42,406 representing a drop of 1.11% in the last 24 hours. The total market cap for the entire crypto industry stands at just over $2 trillion, a fall of just 0.85% over the previous day. Is this anything to worry about? What has caused this drawback? Lets take a closer look.

**November Bitcoin Highs**
--------------------------

To many, the cryptocurrency market has never been healthier. Many large scale companies such as Tesla have Bitcoin investments on their balances sheets while 2021 finally saw the emergence of a Bitcoin futures ETF. Rumour has it that there are many institutions poised to make significant crypto investment through 2022 yet the prices of the major cryptocurrencies have been falling since the highs of November 2021.

As the charts and figures clearly show the price of Bitcoin peaked on November 10th with a price of $68,385. Since then the price has been in free fall however many commentators believed that there was significant buying support around $50,000. Therefore the shock when Bitcoin fell firstly to $45,000 and then more recently this week to $42,000 was audible. However, on a macro scale there doesn’t appear to be anything to worry about.

**Strong Fundamentals**
-----------------------

The understanding and concept of digital assets and distributed ledger networks has never been clearer or stronger than it is going into 2022. With other digital currencies such as Ethereum, Hedera Hashgraph and Link all scheduling upgrades and developments in the first part of the year the industry has never been stronger. However, there is a large percentage of the digital asset market  cap which is made up from speculative investors more familiar with the stock market.

These kind of investors still view cryptocurrencies and digital assets as risk on investments compared to other more stable parts of their portfolio. Therefore, when there are concerning macro economic winds whipping across the financial landscape cryptocurrencies are one of the first assets to be sacrificed. The news of the Federal Reserve plans to tighten monetary policy this week provided the catalysts for much profit taking across both crypto and stocks. 

**Local Bottom for Bitcoin Price?**
-----------------------------------

The question many people are asking is where is the local bottom for Bitcoin? There are some market experts saying that Bitcoin could fall as low as $30,000 although the general consensus is that $40,000 looks like a safe bet.  As we mentioned above the fundamentals for both Bitcoin and cryptocurrency in general have never been stronger so a fall into the $30,000 region seems unlikely. However as we all know anything is possible in this unregulated and burgeoning market place.



Bitcoin Price Feels the Wind of Change

Wouldn’t you know it?  Of all the people in our global community, 2021 was the year that _cryptocurrency users_ received the accolade of being the most charitable investors on the planet.  As society embraces cryptocurrencies on a wider scale, it’s a fact that people are increasingly using digital assets instead of fiat to make donations to their favourite charities. 

United Way Worldwide, the international network of 1,800+ non-profit fundraising affiliates, reported a jaw-dropping 350% increase over the past year in donations that were made using cryptocurrency.  No less impressive, the largest grantmaker in the U.S., Fidelity Charitable, recently reported receiving over $274 million in cryptocurrency donations in 2021.  That’s almost _four times_ the grantmaker’s prior record of $69 million in 2017.

## Crypto-Philanthropy

While crypto-philanthropy may be surging in 2021, it isn’t because the concept is entirely new.  Remember when the cryptocurrency market had its “coming out” party during the 2017-18 bull market and American actor turned celebrity tech investor, Ashton Kutcher, donated crypto on “The Ellen Degeneres Show?”  Or when a philanthropic project called the [Pineapple Fund](https://pineapplefund.org/) was initiated by an anonymous investor who went on to donate more than 5000 Bitcoins to over 50 different charities through the fund?

Tech and crypto wealth are rapidly becoming a big part of global philanthropy.  Now, faith-based organizations, churches, and non-profits are beginning to recognize that, with the proper online platform in place, they can draw in larger donations than regular fiat would alone as crypto expands its role in the rapidly growing online economy.

While the larger and more widely recognisable charities and international “do gooders” like the American Red Cross and Save the Children are already active in providing platforms that allow donors to contribute crypto instead of fiat, smaller organizations are still struggling with how they can set up a similar system to benefit from the recent wave of crypto-philanthropy and are determining if it even makes sense for them to do so.  It’s a compelling question considering that smaller charities make up the majority of registered non-profit's in America. 

## Bitcoin Donations

In 2018, [Engiven](https://engiven.com/) and [The Giving Block](https://thegivingblock.com/) were launched.  These two sites have become the most popular crypto-giving platforms for assisting non-profit's and especially churches in setting up online platforms for making cryptocurrency donations.  This year The Giving Block has said that it expects to facilitate cryptocurrency donations for charities totalling between $100 and $150 million.  This past November, the cryptocurrency donation platform Engiven said it accepted what the company is calling “the largest single Bitcoin donation known to date” which turned out to be a Bitcoin donation made to an undisclosed faith-based organisation totalling $10 million.

How liberating it is for the crypto-community to beat the traditional philanthropists to the top of the “most charitable” list?  But perhaps the better part of the story is how the cryptocurrency market has opened a new way for charities to source their efforts to make the world a better place. 



Crypto Investors Recognised for Charitable Giving

The cryptocurrency market looked shaky again today as crypto traders saw another 24 hours of drawback.

The cryptocurrency market experienced another drawback today as confidence among traders and investors seemed like a distant memory.

At time of press, the value of the entire cryptocurrency market is $2.6 trillion with a drawn down of 1.62% in the last 24 hours. The market has made a slight recovery through the day after bottoming out at $2.09 trillion at 19:40 UTC last night (December 13th). [Bitcoin](/coins/btc) dominance is at 41.4% which is a slight rise since Thursday localised low of 39.8%. The price of Bitcoin is currently $47,230 representing a loss of 1.61% over the last 24 hours and a loss of 8.30% and 26.6% for the last week and month respectively.

While a drawback of 1.61% is of no real concern to traders the fact that Bitcoin has recently lost support at $48k and $47k with a localised dip down to $45.7k is more worrying. Who is selling and why?

**Different strokes for different folks**
-----------------------------------------

With conflicting narratives across the world, it is difficult to determine just what is happening in the market. On one hand we have seen recent large scale investment from the likes of Michael Saylor of Microstrategy whilst on the other hand there is news coming out of Russia that the Central Bank of Russia is banning mutual funds in the country from making investments into Bitcoin.

Meanwhile, the German Savings Banks Association have announced details regarding a pilot project aimed at providing and exchange and private wallets to their 50 million customers allowing each and everyone to purchase cryptocurrencies directly.

Clearly each country has its own approach.

There is cause for optimism on the immediate horizon however as recent data from crypto exchange Bitfinex show there is increasingly strong buying support for Bitcoin from $44,500 to $46,000.

**FOMC report imminent**
------------------------

Many investors believe this is in response to anticipated findings resulting from the FOMC meeting scheduled for Wednesday 15th December. The FOMC or Federal Open Market Committee is a group of 12 members which decide on monetary policy for the US Federal Reserve and the results of tomorrows key meeting are eagerly awaited by the cryptocurrency community. If, like many people are expecting, the FOMC meeting announces continuing rates of inflation then many investors will continue to see Bitcoin as a solid hedge. The previous FOMC meeting at the beginning of November announced the largest rise in inflation in 40 years leading to a surge in the price of Bitcoin from $60,500 to $68,700. The data from Bitfinex appear to confirm confident traders looking to buy at the bottom of this pull back before making the most from a 10% surge in price.

**Buy the dip?**
----------------

As Omnicron continues to develop across all corners many financial markets look like they are on shaky ground and Bitcoin is no exception. Cryptocurrencies are seen by many as a speculative investment and although the market is more mature than it was 5 years ago there is still a large portion of investors who do not share the confidence of others.

For many, investing in crypto has always been a long term project with objectives set 5 and 10 years into the future. Once the underlying technology and the context in which it can help society is understood many more people will be drawn to making their first cryptocurrency investment. Until then the wise investor will be making the most of this short term dip.



Bitcoin Price Falls Further While Buyers Remain Patient

The price of Bitcoin was struggling for momentum today as the price hovered just below $49,000 on major indices across the market representing a fall of just 0.31%

The price of [Bitcoin](/coins) has remained range bound between $48-$51,000 since last weekends price fall from $58,000 down to $46,000. It seems as if this weak price action is keeping buyers at bay who are likely waiting for the surge in price. That being said, Bitcoin still represents just over 40% of the total cryptocurrency market. Bitcoin also has an individual market capitalisation of $1.03 trillion – the largest cryptocurrency in the market.

## More buys from Michael Saylor

This malaise seems to be affecting the broader crypto market with no clear break out gainers or losers across the last 24 hours. As we mentioned previously, without regulation the market is wide open to manipulation. This puts many investors and traders off making an entry and building a position – except Michael Saylor that is. The founder and CEO of [Microstrategy](https://www.microstrategy.com/en), the US based business software and business intelligence organisation, announced the purchase of an extra 1,434 Bitcoin on Twitter yesterday at an average price of $54,477 bringing the companies total holdings to 122,478 Bitcoin. Clearly Mr Saylor has more confidence in the future price of Bitcoin that the rest of the market. Microstrategy’s Bitcoin stack is now worth a coll $3.66 billion with an average buy in price of $29,861 meaning Saylor is still clearly in profit.

## Inflation hedge


Saylor, along with many others, see Bitcoin as the perfect hedge for inflation and a stagnating gold price. In fact, Michael Saylor believes that Bitcoin has the potential to replace gold as the number one store of value. In a recent tweet, Saylor made the bold claim that the cryptocurrency revolution will be lead through inflation, technology and adoption with Bitcoin leading the way.

The caution from investors may be due to the US Consumer Price Index report, due to be released this Friday at 13:30 hours UTC. This report is set to show that the cost of living in the world’s largest economy has risen by 6.8% in November with 7% just around the corner. If this predicted data proves to be correct then an injection of volatility into the crypto market is to be expected. With inflation reaching a 30 year high many believe this is helping to create the perfect storm for the rapid advancement and adoption of digital currencies to help relieve the pressure.

## XRP shows strength amid uncertainty

Cross border remittance coin XRP saw strong growth this week leaving many to speculate that somebody somewhere has inside knowledge that the case with the SEC could be coming to a close and the adoption of Ripple Net could be close at hand. Fans of XRP and Ripple have experienced a long and arduous three years after many false dawns and broken promises. It seems as if the court case was the final nail in the coffin for the much maligned XRP. However, with the current economic climate continuing to experience choppy water the time is perfect for a multinational organisation such as the World Economic Fund or the International Monetary Fund to approve the use of a new approach to international finance. Could this involve XRP and Ripple? Only time will tell.

BTC price Struggles to Make Headway

What an incredible year for the value of altcoins and lesser known digital assets. It would seem that all that is needed for them to go from complete obscurity to front page news is the connection to the right meme or to benefit from a well-timed tweet from some quirky and eccentric billionaire.

A cryptocurrency called Omicron is currently enjoying such notoriety, if only momentarily.

## Beast Mode

While treading water for much of the past week, the popularity of Omicron went into full ‘beast’ mode once the media announced a coronavirus variant that had been discovered in southern Africa and was given the same name as the coin.

From what we can determine, Omicron was launched on or around November 8th but already it’s identifiable by much of the mainstream public. The coin shot up 10 times in value from last week Friday till Monday as the news of the virus permeated all the major news outlets.

‘Experts’ said the rapid rise in popularity was likely attributable to the fact that both the new coronavirus variant and the coin share the same name. Good guess.

### There are other coins, once relatively obscure, that have quickly risen in popularity as well:

**SAND** – A digital asset that’s being mega-hyped by metaverse enthusiasts. SAND are tokens that can be traded or earned upon completion of certain adventures within the popular virtual gaming world called Sandbox. The digital coins recently traded at around $7 and have enjoyed an eye-popping 80%+ increase in value in the past week alone.

The metaverse, which is a combination of multiple technologies, including virtual reality and augmented reality where users can hypothetically ‘live’ within the technical platform, is gaining attention from some very big, highly recognisable companies that are considered industry leaders. According to a recent statement from one such company, Adidas, they are keenly focused on how the metaverse develops saying that it is ‘…currently one of the most exciting developments in digital, making it an interesting platform for Adidas’.

**MANA** – Another coin that’s riding the Metaverse wave of popularity. The MANA coin is associated with the [_Decentraland_](https://decentraland.org/) Metaverse and rose from $2.81 to $4.67 during the month of November. If metaverse environments pique your curiosity, Decentraland is an interesting story. There were many headlines that mentioned Decentraland last month which has a tendency to happen when a nation like Barbados starts to make remarks that it is taking steps to setup a virtual embassy in Decentraland’s metaverse.

The increase in value of altcoins mentioned above seem to have been initiated by Facebook’s announcement in October that the company would be adopting a new name - Meta, a new mission that hopes to ‘bring the metaverse to life’.

Overall, the cryptocurrency market demonstrated mixed results this week.

As we close out 2021, Bitcoin was projected to reach a year-end value of $100,000, but in terms of reaching that value, the market’s key digital asset would need to stage more than a 75% rally in the next four weeks.

BTC Set to Miss Expectations; Altcoin News

The price of Bitcoin (BTC) stalled at a key level today as the recovery from the Thanksgiving sell off continued.

At the time of writing, the price of Bitcoin stood at $56,613 with a slight drop of 0.67% in the last 24 hours. The price of Bitcoin saw a significant drop over the weekend falling from a high of $59,400 on Thursday, November 25th, to $53,757 by Sunday, November 28th, demonstrating that the price of Bitcoin is far from stable.

With the end of November just hours away the general synopsis of the Plan B stock to flow model appears to be in serious doubt. In recent months the well-known scarcity and demand curve has shown to be eerily accurate by correctly predicting both August and September monthly close and just 3% out in October.

However, the model shows November with a predicted closing price of $98,000 which would require a massive daily close in the next 24 hours. Watch this space.

Regardless of the weak price action of Bitcoin in the last few days, professional traders remain bullish on the long-term price. Yesterday, infamous investment group MicroStrategy announced they had recently purchased 7,002 Bitcoins at an average price of $59,187 clearly demonstrating their confidence in the long-term price stability of Bitcoin. The $414 million purchase was achieved through the sale of company shares through October and November.

**Average Transaction Fee Continues to Fall**

Away from price action and technical analysis, the Bitcoin network continues to grow and appears to be in great shape. Recent reports and data show that for every $95,000 processed by the network the average fee comes to just $1. The calculation was achieved by dividing the mean transaction volume by the fees over a selected period of time (in this case seven days) and was provided by on-chain analyst Dylan LeClair using data provided by Glasnode.

Bitcoin fees have continued to fall since the successful adoption of the layer 2 payment protocol ‘Lightning Network’ in 2020 whose sole aim is to increase speed and reduce cost. Indeed, the decision by the government of El Salvador to make Bitcoin legal tender was based on the integration of a Lightning Network protocol into its official wallet.

Bitcoin Price Stalls but Recovery Continues

Bitcoin holders woke up with a severe case of digital cold turkey less than 24 hours after Thanksgiving. The price of the number one digital asset slipped by 2.85% to $55,493 at time of writing.

While this pull-back is nothing compared to recent drawdowns it has left many Bitcoin holders frustrated with the lack of positive price action in recent weeks. Many altcoins have witnessed astronomical gains while Bitcoin has stuck range bound between $56k and $58k for what seems like an eternity.

Yesterday’s push to $59,500 led many to believe that it was Bitcoin’s time to take centre stage once again with $58,000 looking like it offered solid support. However, as in previous years immediately following Thanksgiving, Bitcoin holders woke up this morning to the grim reality of yet more negative price action.

## Inflation concerns

All this being said, the broader stage continues to be set for Bitcoin to bloom. As more and more international governments begin to realise the value of digital currencies and the benefits they bring, legislation for the integration of cryptocurrency into everyday society is beginning to take shape.

Furthermore, with rising inflation across the globe the need for a stable hedge has never been greater. With gold prices stagnating in recent years the lure of a digital alternative makes Bitcoin a very attractive proposition indeed.

## Bitcoin eclipses [Paypal](https://www.paypal.com/us/home) with sights set on Visa

In yet another cause for crypto celebration the value transferred over the Bitcoin network has exceeded that of Paypal by more than 60%. Recent figures from Blockdata show that the Bitcoin network processed over $489 billion per quarter in 2021 compared with Paypal’s $302 billion. And now many crypto speculators are starting to believe that the next milestones to fall will be those of Mastercard and Visa.

To date, Bitcoin is processing just under 27% of Mastercard’s $1.8 trillion and around 15% of Visa’s mighty £3.2 trillion each quarter. If Bitcoin were to continue along its current trajectory of growth it could outpace the total capital transferred by Mastercard as early as 2026.

## Clinton calls for clarity

Former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stepped into the crypto debate this week with calls for stronger regulation in order to prevent market manipulation by Russia, China and ‘others’.

As part of a larger debate on social media manipulation Clinton warned of ‘technology of all kinds’ which has the potential to destabilise countries and the world reserve currency status of the dollar.

Clinton said: ‘There is one thing on the horizon which people are beginning to pay attention to and that is the need to regulate the cryptocurrency market. Imagine the combination of social media amassing even larger sums of money through the control of certain cryptocurrency chains.’

Her comments come as many countries begin to understand the notion of using digital currencies to circumnavigate financial sanctions put in place by the leading nations and [SWIFT](https://www.swift.com/) (the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) - the world’s current leading system of transferring capital worldwide.

Bitcoin Holders Frustration as Price Down

NFL player, Odell Beckham Jr, will be receiving his salary in Bitcoin (BTC) as he has entered into a partnership with [Cash App](https://cash.app/).

Beckham Jr. is a wide receiver for the Los Angeles Rams and reportedly currently earns a $4.25 million salary, which will now be converted into the digital asset.

## 'The Future Has Arrived'

"We're proud to be the first major sports team to embrace Bitcoin –The future has arrived." – Sterling Scott, founder of Cash App.

The partnership has been agreed upon by Cash App's owner, Square which will be paying Beckham Jr. his salary via the service. The app allows users to buy and store Bitcoin amongst other digital currencies.

## Swamped With Deals

Beckham Jr.'s announcement of the deal was made on social media using the Cash App where he also discussed how he was interested in the new technology, but he claimed that he had been swamped with "contracts and endorsement deals" which meant he could not pursue his interest in cryptocurrency until now.

The NFL star said: "It's a NEW ERA & to kick that off I'm hyped to announce that I'm taking my new salary in bitcoin," on Twitter.

The football player also revealed he had invested a small amount of his own money into [Bitcoin](/coins/btc) earlier this year. 



NFL Star Odell Beckham Jr to Receive Salary in Bitcoin

Bitcoin has been legal tender alongside the U.S. dollar in El Salvador since September 2021.  Now, the nation’s popular President, Nayib Bukele, added further fuel to his “rock star” persona with an announcement this past Saturday that El Salvador would be building the world's first "Bitcoin City," to be initially funded by bitcoin-backed bonds.

It’s another clear indicator of Bukele’s growing affinity for cryptocurrencies and he appears to be doubling down on his bet to harness the power of the digital assets in order to fuel further investments in the Central American country.  The government has already backed Bitcoin with a $150 million fund and, to incentivize Salvadorans to use it, the El Salvadorian government has offered $30 worth of credit to those using its digital wallet.

**The Liquid Network**
----------------------

It has been announced that the new city would be built [near the Conchagua volcano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchagua_(volcano)) - Conchagua consists of two overlapping stratovolcanoes and overlooks the Gulf of Fonseca.  The geographical location is a deliberate move to take advantage of the available geothermal energy, converting it to a source of power both for the city and for more Bitcoin mining activities.  "This is a fully ecological city that works and is energized by a volcano” Bukele commented at the closing a week-long promotional event for Bitcoin. 

Government officials stated that the country would issue $1 billion in “bitcoin bonds” in 2022 to raise additional resources to fund the construction of Bitcoin City. The bonds are going to be issued on “[the Liquid Network](https://liquid.net/)” - a sidechain-based settlement network that _enables faster, more confidential Bitcoin transactions and the issuance of digital assets_ according to information posted on the site.

The Liquid Network is managed by [Blockstream](https://blockstream.com/) who said that $500 million of the funds raised will be dedicated to building the infrastructure for the city and additional bitcoin mining in the region.  The other $500 million would be used for, what else, the purchase of more bitcoin cryptocurrency.

**Zero Carbon Dioxide Emissions**
---------------------------------

Not to be easily outdone, the government plans to build their innovative city to look like the crypto coin from the sky when it's built.  Taxes will also be noticeably lacking from the new city considering there will be no property, income or municipal taxes, and the city is expected to have a level of zero carbon dioxide emissions.  Utopian in every conceivable way.

Some Salvadorans have vocalized their trepidation at Bukele’s well-publicized love affair with digital currencies with some protests being held against the government for its unbridled embrace of the digital assets.  Still, they’ve done little to harm his popularity and credibility with voters. 

Ultimately, the city would be built with the hopes of attracting more foreign investment.  Those with influence over the project have mentioned sites for residential areas, malls, restaurants, and a port.  Also, the El Salvador president mentioned ideas like digital education, technology, and sustainable public transportation.

“This is going to make El Salvador the financial center of the world,” Bukele said.



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