On 22 February, New York Attorney General Letitia James filed a lawsuit against CoinEx. The allegations state that the cryptocurrency exchange conducted business unlawfully as it failed to register with the state.

## New York sues CoinEx exchange

James charged CoinEx exchange with failing to register as a commodities and securities broker-dealer in the state. The 38-page [petition](https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/memorandum_of_law_in_support_of_petition._nyoag_v._vinogloballtd_dba_coinex.pdf) filed in the New York Supreme Court alleged that CoinEx violated the state's Martin Act, which is known as one of the most rigorous anti-fraud and securities regulation laws in the US.

According to the petition, [CoinEx](/news/article/coinex-smart-chain) was "engaged in repeated and persistent fraudulent practices". The lawsuit also accused the exchange of listing tokens such as Amp, LBRY Credits (LBC), Rally (RLY), and [Terra](/news/article/terra-luna-second-airdrop) LUNA, which qualified as "both commodities and securities".

James [stated](https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2023/attorney-general-james-sues-cryptocurrency-platform-failing-register-new-york) that the crypto exchange was not registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission or the Securities and Exchange Commission, as required under New York law to sell these tokens.

The petition further alleges that the company failed to comply with a 22 December subpoena sent by the Attorney General's Office to "provide testimony concerning the virtual asset trading activities of its platform".

As per the petition, James seeks a court order to prevent CoinEx from marketing itself as an exchange and stop it from operating in the state by ordering it to geoblock internet addresses and GPS location data from New York.

## Cryptocurrency exchanges must comply with legal standards

James made it clear that cryptocurrency companies cannot ignore regulatory requirements. In a statement, she said the days of cryptocurrency companies behaving as if rules do not apply to them "are over".

With this lawsuit, the New York Attorney General's office is taking a stance on upholding securities regulation laws and ensuring that companies operating in the state comply with them.


CoinEx Exchange Sued by NY Attorney General

Crypto entrepreneur Do Kwon and the company he co-founded, Terraform Labs, have been [accused](https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2023-32) of fraudulent activities by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

According to the SEC, Kwon and Terraform Labs offered and sold unregistered securities, including the TerraUSD stablecoin, and conducted a scheme that resulted in the loss of at least $40 billion worth of market value. The case is a significant step in the SEC's ongoing efforts to regulate the crypto industry.

The SEC's allegations include the assertion that Kwon and Terraform Labs misled investors by making false statements about their relationship with the South Korean mobile payment app "Chai" and the stability of the stablecoin TerraUSD, which was marketed as maintaining a 1-to-1 peg to the US dollar. The agency has also accused the company and Kwon of offering misleading investment opportunities to investors.

## SEC files complaint against Terraform for securities violations

The SEC has filed a [complaint](https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2023/comp-pr2023-32.pdf) in the US District Court for New York's Southern District against Terraform and its founder, Do Kwon, for alleged violations of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act.

The complaint, which spans 55 pages, claims that Terraform and Kwon were engaged in deceptive marketing practices concerning its Anchor Protocol, which advertised a 20% interest rate on deposits of USTC.

The SEC also alleges that the defendants misled investors about the stability of Terra's stablecoin, which lost its US dollar peg in May 2021, resulting in a collapse of the digital asset market that wiped out an estimated $40 billion in value.

South Korean authorities are searching for Kwon, whose current location remains unknown. He is [suspected to be in Serbia](/news/article/do-kwon-hiding-in-serbia) after departing from his residence in Singapore in September. This search is in relation to an arrest warrant issued in September on allegations including breaches of capital-markets law. Noticing the hide-and-run game, Interpol issued a [red notice](/news/article/do-kwon-red-notice) against him to locate his whereabouts.


Terraform Labs Accused of Fraud by SEC 

According to a report by blockchain analysis firm Chainalysis, North Korea hackers stole $1.7 billion worth of crypto to fund the country's nuclear programme.

The [cryptocurrency](/news/article/what-is-future-of-cryptocurrency) industry faced a challenging year in 2022 because of harsh market conditions and a surge in crypto hacks. The Chainalysis reports says that two significant spikes in hacking activities were recorded in March and October, with losses of $732.4 million and $775.7 million, respectively. The latter became the biggest single month in history for crypto hacking, with 32 separate attacks.

## Record-breaking year for North Korean hackers

[Chainalysis](https://blog.chainalysis.com/reports/2022-biggest-year-ever-for-crypto-hacking/) reported that [North Korea](/news/article/north-korea-crypto-hacks-worth-1.2bn)-linked hackers stole an estimated $1.7 billion worth of cryptocurrency in 2022. Of this total, $1.1 billion was taken from DeFi protocols, marking a significant increase from the previous record of $429 million in 2021. The report reveals that North Korea, facing heavy sanctions, relies on crypto theft to fund its nuclear plans. The illicit funds represent a "sizeable chunk" of North Korea's economy, which generated $142 million in total exports in 2020.

Use of decentralized finance protocols and coin mixers
The Chainalysis report also highlighted that North Korea hackers often send stolen funds to other DeFi protocols, usually decentralized exchanges (DEXs), to swap for more liquid assets. These hacks often result in the theft of illiquid tokens not listed on centralized exchanges.

The firm has also noted that these hackers use coin mixers to launder stolen funds at a higher rate than other individuals or groups. [Tornado Cash](/news/article/tornado-cash-developer-detention) was a frequently used mixer, but following OFAC sanctions, the hackers have diversified their mixer usage, particularly in Q4 2022.

According to other experts, North Korea also launders stolen crypto via brokers in China and NFTs.

A new Bitcoin mixer, Sindbad, has recently emerged as a tool to launder stolen funds. North Korea-linked hackers were detected on the platform in December 2022, and from that period to January 2023, they sent 1,429.6 Bitcoin worth almost $24.2 million to the mixer.


red image of north korea with hands on laptop

North Korea Hackers Stole $1.7B of Crypto

A former Oxford University student has admitted crypto theft charges after stealing more than £2 million in cryptocurrency.

Wybo Wiersma, a 40-year-old computer genius who dropped out of a Ph.D. class at Oxford University, will serve [four and a half years in jail](https://serocu.police.uk/man-jailed-for-2m-cryptocurrency-theft/) after admitting he stole more than £2.1 million in cryptocurrency in a scam that affected over 100 people. The Dutchman created a bogus website – iotaseed.io – that would generate an 81-character 'seed' password for people interested in an online currency called Iota.

## Inserted a malicious code

A ‘seed’ refers to a private key consisting of 81 random characters that allow only the user to access their [crypto wallet](/news/article/best-crypto-wallet-uk-top-picks). However, Wiersma inserted a malicious code so that instead of random seeds, the system delivered predetermined ones that enabled him to access his victims' Iota crypto and unlawfully transfer them to his web of personal trading accounts. Wiersma programmed the site to appear on top of Google searches when victims searched for the phrase 'Iota seed generator'.

Prosecutor Julian Christopher KC revealed that the accused created the [scam](/news/article/crypto-scams-failing) iotaseed.io website between 2017 and 2018 and started transferring his victims’ cryptocurrency in early 2018. He would later set up four accounts with Bitfinex cryptocurrency exchange, where he would keep the stolen crypto funds. Bitfinex would become suspicious of the account’s activities and froze them, despite Wiersma working hard to convince them otherwise.

## Crypto theft due to greed and deception

Judge Michael Gledhill KC of Oxford Crown Court sent Wiersma to jail, noting that he abused his skills to steal, terming it dishonesty at the highest level and adding that he committed the offense of crypto theft due to greed and deception. The accused was due to stand trial in early March but pleaded guilty on the day the jury was supposed to be sworn in. Wiersma was first arrested in January 2019 but fled to his native Netherlands after being released on bail. He was extradited to England in April 2021 to face the law at Oxford Crown Court.

Noting that the investigation covering the crypto theft was complex as it involved more than 100 victims from different parts of the world, Detective Inspector Rob Bryant of the South East Regional Organized Crime Unit (SEROCU) stated that as Wiersma cools his heels in jail, SEROCU would try and ensure as much of the money they seized from his wallets is returned to the owners.


red image of Wybo Wiersma oxford student hacker

Oxford Ph.D. student jailed in £2M crypto theft scam

Ruja Ignatova, the infamous name placed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List, has reappeared due to the listing of a luxury London penthouse flat bought by the crypto scammer, a [BBC](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-64407723) report disclosed. 

Details of the £12.5 million listing were revealed as part of new transparency rules in the UK, which require owners of properties to be publicly displayed.

The "Crypto Queen" and her associates made off with around £3.2 billion (around $4 billion) from her [cryptocurrency](/news/article/what-is-future-of-cryptocurrency), OneCoin. The BBC estimates that investors from the UK alone lost more than £100 million.

UK authorities believe she is trying to facilitate the sale of her property from the shadows. The reappearance of the name Ruja Ignativa - who did so much harm to stakeholders in her fake cryptocurrency - has reignited hope that some lost funds could be recouped.

A former investor in OneCoin, Layla Begum, said her family lost more than £54,000 after she was persuaded by a friend to risk money on the emerging crypto project. She said that UK authorities could help British investors who lost money in OneCoin since the purchase of the London flat undoubtedly came from proceeds in the crypto scam.

## Reward for information on Ruja Ignatova

While UK prosecutors are trying to avoid proceeds of the sale going back to the coffers of the scammers, the FBI has placed an £80,600 ($100,000) bounty on the head of Ruja Ingatova. 

In 2019, a federal jury in New York found [Mark Scott](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-50509299), a former lawyer with links to OneCoin, guilty of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and money laundering after helping route more than £300 million out of the US.

The brother of the Crypto Queen, Konstantin Ignatova, also pled guilty to the same charges.

The latest guilty plea came from [Sebastian Greenwood](/news/article/onecoin-scam-co-founder-admits-fraud), co-founder of the worthless cryptocurrency, in December when he admitted engaging in fraud and money laundering.


red image of ruja ignatova in front of onecoin logos

Has Ruja Ignatova, Crypto Queen, Reappeared? 

On 18 January, 2023, US authorities confirmed the arrest of a co-founder and major shareholder of Hong Kong-registered crypto exchange platform Bitzlato for facilitating and harboring money laundering criminals.

A Russian native currently living in China, Anatoly Legkodymov, was arrested in Miami on 17 January, 2022. 

He was booked under a section of the US Patriot Act aimed at preventing money laundering and terrorist financing. His charges included operating an unlicensed money exchange business.

Bitzlato is a crypto exchange platform [based out of Hong Kong](/news/article/is-crypto-legal-in-hong-kong) with global operations. The platform allegedly exchanged more than £500 million in cryptocurrency on the Hydra Market. The Hydra Market was the largest darknet marketplace in the world before it was shut down in April 2022. The crypto exchange co-founder also allegedly received £12 million in ransomware proceeds.

## Bitzlato labeled primary money-laundering concern 

The US FinCEN (Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network) previously named the crypto giant a "primary money-laundering concern".

This is among the most serious sanctions from the US anti-crime team as it usually works by cutting the target off financially around the globe.

The platform allowed users to sign up and operate by providing little to no personal information, making it a haven for criminals. It also allegedly posted ads on Russian-language sites telling users that they can sign up and start using the site by only providing their email address and nothing else. The company made it exceptionally easy for users to buy crypto for cash for a negligible fee and practically no personal information.

The seizure of Bitzlato does not come as a surprise. US law enforcement has been hard at work because the crypto community has been under a microscope since last year following [scandals in the industry](/news/article/how-to-avoid-crypto-scams). US authorities charged [FTX CEO Sam Bankman Fried in 2022 with eight counts of fraud](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64036615) after the exchange filed for bankruptcy.

The operations of the Hong Kong-based exchange platform Bitzlato have been seized until the trial.


red image of bitzlato logo on red background

Bitzlato co-founder charged with laundering over £500m

On 15 September, 2022, South Korean prosecutors announced they had requested the international crime agency Interpol to issue Terra Labs co-founder Do Kwon a [red notice](https://www.coindesk.com/business/2022/09/26/interpol-issues-red-notice-for-do-kwon-report/).

The red notice is an international call to arms for all law enforcement agencies to locate and apprehend a person for extradition or similar legal actions.

Putting Do Kwon on the list makes him a man of interest to all law enforcement agencies anywhere in the world, making it difficult for him to hide.

On 19 September, South Korean prosecutors put out an arrest warrant for Kwon. This comes after they launched an investigation into Kwon and some associates at TerraLab after the fall of Terra Luna, which caused investors to lose $60 billion.

## Why was the red notice issued?

According to South Korean prosecutors, reaching out to Interpol for help was a reaction to the TerraLab co-founder's lack of cooperation with the investigation launched after the disastrous collapse of Luna.

## Do Kwon red notice 'hoax'?

Through all of this, Kwon has maintained that the red notice is an elaborate hoax. According to Kwon, the red notice is disputed since he hasn't received any official message.

It isn't only him who thinks this way. Some people also believe the Do Kwon red notice might just be South Korea's way of putting a target on Kwon's back.

## Where is Do Kwon now?

In the months since South Korean prosecutors asked Interpol to put Do Kwon on the infamous red list, the wanted co-founder has been nowhere to be found. Ironically, Do Kwon has made several tweets debunking the allegations that he is on the run and in hiding.

South Korean prosecutors have, however, maintained that Do Kwon has refused to make himself available to face the charges levelled against him in his home country.

Although Do Kwon was said to be in Dubai in October, no one has been able to confirm his whereabouts despite him being a guest on several podcasts. That was until 11 December, when it came to light that [Do Kwon had moved to Serbia](/news/article/do-kwon-hiding-in-serbia) from Dubai. The South Korean authorities are now in talks with Serbia's law enforcement agencies to gain cooperation in apprehending Kwon.



red notice mark on image of Do Kwon, Terraform labs founder. 

Do Kwon Red Notice Explained

Koda Apex, aka KAPEX crypto, is a utility token designed to reward those who stake its sister token, $KODA. However, this coin can also be used for payments for both products and services. The main difference is the lower fees associated with [KAPEX crypto](https://koda.finance/kapex/).

Koda describes itself as 'a long-term deflationary store of value for SummitBC Ecosystem investors'. Due to its inflationary tokenomics, the project is an excellent choice for long-term investment, it claims.

Let's look at some of the main features and benefits of the project.

## Rewards

As mentioned above, KAPEX crypto is essentially the reward token for those staking on the parent network. In addition, every transaction across the ecosystem increases the token's liquidity.

So other than rewards for passive staking, what other benefits are there to holding the coin? The benefits are wide-ranging and include:

•	Paying of exchange fees.

•	Paying service and product fees.

•	Purchasing of NFTs.

•	Paying staff or contractors.

•	Motivating team members as a bonus.

•	All business-to-consumer transactions.

•	Peer-to-peer transactions.

In addition to the above, the project has very low network fees, resulting in ultra-low transaction costs. Its supply is controlled by algorithmic tokenomics and backed by its sister coin. Furthermore, anyone looking to unstake their KODA will need to pay for this with KAPEX.

It sounds like an excellent crypto to get involved in, and, with prices currently at historic lows, now is a good time to buy. But are there any drawbacks?

## Compromise

Sadly, the program was compromised via both PancakeSwap and SummitSwap on 17 October, 2022, with the loss of some 78 BNB coins equalling £21,561 of user funds. As a consequence, the management team has advised not to buy the coin going forward. The exact details are unclear, but it appears to be the result of a [vanity address exploit](https://koda.finance/kapex-exploit-on-17th-october-2022/).

This hack and the subsequent price drop are obviously alarming and not a great look for the team behind the project.

Both tokens are managed by 'Summit Better Crypto Limited', which describes itself as a "PR and marketing firm specialising in the promotions of projects within the Cryptocurrency world".

As the company was only set up in May 2021, no filings of accounts are available for analysis. Furthermore, the company website states, "SummitBC employs third-party developers to support the projects we are promoting". Make of this what you will.

Something we can take away from this project is the urgent need for comprehensive [regulation in the crypto space](/news/article/crypto-regulation-uk). While there is nothing to suggest that there has been any wrongdoing in this example, the collapse of KAPEX value shows that consumers desperately need better protection.

Furthermore, this example shows that it is important for consumers to carry out stringent due diligence to ensure any investments they make are based on realistic future projections rather than promotional shilling through social media or so-called 'crypto influencers'.


green image of  cryptocurrency with triangle kapex logo

Kapex Crypto: Signal for Tougher Regulation?

In Binance news, a US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) investigation has found that a drug cartel operating in several countries used Binance to move millions of dollars in illegal profits.

## DEA tracks Cartel using exchange in latest Binance news

According to a [Forbes](https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2022/12/19/mexican-drug-gang-money-laundering-over-binance-crypto-exchange/) report, popular crypto exchange Binance is the subject of a DEA investigation alleging that a Mexican-based international drug cartel used the exchange to funnel millions of dollars in profits.

The report said that the DEA, with help from Binance to identify the suspects, was able to track the gang, which dealt in methamphetamine and cocaine. The gang had operations in the US, Mexico, Europe, and Australia.

The report noted, "Between $15 and $40 million in illicit proceeds may have been funnelled through Binance".

The investigation began in 2020 following a search warrant. Several DEA informants using the crypto exchange localbitcoins.com communicated with users who offered crypto for cash.

The method used by the gang was as follows: a user sends [BTC](/coins/btc) or USDC to the seller's account and then meets in person to take the cash. The DEA identified the Mexican national as Carlos Fong Echavarria.

The report mentioned that the suspect misrepresented the source of the funds, claiming they were coming from family eateries and cattle farms. The arrest was made in 2021 after DEA agents confirmed that the account was used to launder funds.

Matthew Price, Binance's senior director of investigations, told Forbes that the blockchain was key.

He said this was an example of where blockchain transaction transparency "works against criminal actors", adding, "The bad guys are leaving a permanent record of what they're doing."

## Binance under the spotlight

The exchange has been under the spotlight lately. However, its CEO, Changpeng Zhao, reaffirmed in a recent [tweet](https://twitter.com/cz_binance/status/1605828931105435648?s=20&t=V_WM8ww3-B-TTZrIrpbaOA) that "crypto is not a good tool for illicit activities, unlike cash".

In a May blog post, Binance [said](https://www.binance.com/en/blog/ecosystem/crypto-and-money-laundering-an-inconvenient-truth-421499824684903925) that the exchange had helped the US Drug Enforcement Agency seize over 100 accounts connected to illegal drug dealers.

A recent [Reuters report](https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/us-justice-dept-is-split-over-charging-binance-crypto-world-falters-sources-2022-12-12/) also noted that Binance might be the subject of a probe by the US Department of Justice. However, a company spokesperson said any DOJ investigation is fueled by false insinuations.



red image of money laundering with binance logo

Binance News: DEA Uses Exchange to Track Cartel

According to a South Korean intelligence agency statement, state-backed North Korea hackers have stolen an estimated $1.2 billion in crypto assets over the last five years.

Analysts and experts have confirmed that North Korea is supporting a number of fraudulent activities and cybercrimes in order to gain access to foreign currency to help its failing economy, which has been harmed by [UN sanctions](https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/UN-Security-Council-Resolutions-on-North-Korea) and the aftereffects of COVID-19.

South Korea's National Intelligence Service confirmed that North Korean hackers are among the best at stealing crypto assets, owing to the country's focus on cybercrime as an alternative way to aid its failing economy since the height of United Nations economic sanctions in 2017.

In 2017, the United Nations imposed harsh sanctions on North Korean exports such as textiles and coal. The UN, along with its member states, repatriates North Korean workers abroad. The country's economy was unable to withstand harsh sanctions and the aftermath of the COVID pandemic.

According to South Korea's National Intelligence Service, North Korea crypto hackers are responsible for hacking $1.2 billion in crypto assets in the last five years, with more than $626 million in 2022 alone. It was also confirmed that approximately $78 million of the stolen funds originated in [South Korea](/news/article/south-korea-crypto).

## More attacks expected

According to intelligence obtained by the South Korean Government, North Korean hackers will most likely undertake additional cyberattacks this year to gain access to South Korean technologies and private information on national security and weaponry.

Official state diplomats from South Korea, the United States, and Japan joined forces earlier this month to intensify efforts to combat the cybercrime carried out by North Korea. 

According to UN experts, the country will step up its efforts to steal hundreds of millions of dollars from crypto platforms and other financial institutions.

Despite the fact that North Korea's economic situation remains dire, the government conducted a record number of missile tests in 2022. Experts and analysts believe it has a way to gain leverage and improve its weaponry to negotiate with world powers.


red image of hacker with cryptocurrency and North Korean statues falling

North Korea Crypto Hacks Worth $1.2 Billion 

Two top officials of Sam Bankman-Fried's cryptocurrency empire have admitted to committing fraud. [The Southern District of New York US Attorney announced on Wednesday night](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ftx-fraud-guilty-pleas.html) that two former employees of Sam Bankman-Fried crypto businesses had pled guilty to federal criminal fraud charges and are collaborating in prosecuting the disgraced crypto entrepreneur.

Gary Wang, 29, founded the exchange FTX, and Caroline Ellison, 28, ran the cryptocurrency hedge fund Alameda Research. They played pivotal roles in the development of the global Sam Bankman-Fried crypto empire, which he launched with the creation of Alameda and FTX.

Following last week's fraud complaints against Mr. Bankman-Fried, two federal regulatory agencies, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), filed civil fraud charges against Mr. Wang and Ms. Ellison and Mr. Wang on Wednesday.

## Facing further legal trouble as former employees plead guilty to fraud

[Mr. Bankman-Fried is in detention](/news/article/former-ftx-ceo-sbf-arrested) in the Bahamas after agreeing to be extradited to face trial in the US. The 30-year-old is in an especially precarious legal position due to the criminal and civil allegations leveled against the former top executives.

The US Government has accused him of perpetrating a massive fraud lasting for years that led to FTX filing for bankruptcy last month.

Two of his closest advisors are now helping federal prosecutors with their investigation. The friendship between Mr. Bankman-Fried and Mr. Wang and Ms. Ellison extended beyond that of close colleagues. He lived with them in a lavish condominium on Paradise Island, the Bahamas, where FTX was headquartered.

Prosecutors and regulators have filed charges against Mr. Bankman-Fried, alleging that he misappropriated billions of dollars from his customers to fund his activities. These include purchasing real estate in the Bahamas, trading cryptocurrencies at Alameda, funding political campaigns, and investing in other cryptocurrency companies. They say he bilked crypto trading company clients, financiers, and lenders.


Sam Bankman-Fried's Crypto Execs Admit Fraud

If it sounds like a pyramid scheme, you are right. If it sounds like artificial inflation, you are right. Pump and dump schemes made headlines before [Bitcoin](/coins/btc) was created. Recently, several news stories have pointed to many scams attempting to manipulate cryptocurrency prices through this scheme.

While digital currencies are relatively new, they are prone to old scams. The novel blockchain technology that backs cryptocurrencies can be used to create an artificial financial mania. Like the popular [Tulip mania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania) that occurred in the Dutch Republic between 1634 and 1637, what this scheme banks on is the ability to create an illusory surge of public interest in a particular asset such that easy and massive wealth seems to be within reach of the average investor. The cryptocurrency's price soars past its fundamental value, and everyone is buying to avoid missing out.

Eventually, an inflection point is reached once the price is fully "pumped." The people behind the scam begin to sell the cryptocurrency for a higher price. Dumping the coin and pocketing the profit while innocent investors watch the price plummet. 

## What are pump and dump schemes?

Pump and dump schemes, which fraudulently manipulate prices by disseminating false information, have existed in economic contexts since at least the 1700s. With the advent of new technology related to cryptocurrency trading, the issue has a wider scope.

This scam takes advantage of individual investors while earning huge profits for con artists. They may include social media influencers who are compensated for encouraging people to purchase a particular digital coin in order to increase its value.

![pd.png](https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/prod-monitalks-media/pd_3be9ce84f2.png)
 
### *The three phases of a pump and dump operation*

This type of scam targets new and small-cap coins. These types of coins do not require a lot of money to manipulate, so they are easy picks. Rarely will you hear of a Bitcoin pump because it will require a lot of money. Many small-cap coins do not have any real use cases. The scammers simply create the illusion of importance by roping in celebrities and industry thought leaders to make the cryptocurrency look more interesting.

The number of pump and dump scams has steadily increased. In a 2018 [report](https://www.wsj.com/graphics/cryptocurrency-schemes-generate-big-coin/?mod=article_inline?) by the Wall Street Journal, crypto pump and dump schemes accounted for $825 million in trading activity in six months, causing hundreds of millions of dollars in losses. In that year, from January to July, there were 125 pump-and-dump scams that manipulated the price of 121 different coins.

According to [Chainalysis data](https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2021/12/17/defi-rug-pull-scams-pulled-in-28b-this-year-chainalysis/), they made up 1% of total illicit revenue in 2020. In 2021, they accounted for a whopping 37%.

## How does this scam operate? 

A pump and dump scheme operates on two levels:

1.	Insiders of the token promote and stir the price while they sell slowly.

2.	Scammers target a particular token and rally the token community to buy, triggering a soar in price. Whoever buys last is left with an empty bag.

Whichever one operates, there's a team of tech-enabled, motivated, and organized players at the centre. This team often includes internal investors who provide funding to buy the token and raise demand.

While the investors fund the artificial demand for the token, another team fuels the disinformation campaign, trumpeting non-existent use cases or completely false details about the token. With social media and instant messaging apps, marketing the good word about the token is easier. Platforms like Telegram, Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube have become breeding grounds for these marketers.

These marketers use famous people to help sell the tokens because they want to get people interested. Fear of missing out (FOMO) is what makes this scam work, so outside investors and traders rush to buy the token. The price crashes as investors realize too late that they invested in a scam.

## How to spot crypto pump and dump 

Generally, the first step to spot a bad investment is to do your own research. Look up the token, read the white paper, check the exchanges on which it is listed, the order book, and the token timeline. If it's too good to be true and has no clear purpose or utility, it's most likely a scam.

Second, an investor should understand that scams are modelled by psychological tricks. It's important to understand if FOMO is contributing to your decision on whether to invest or not. Always be self-aware. Are you investing because you don't want to miss out? Well, you may end up holding an empty bag.

Last year, some anonymous developers launched the SQUID token, riding on the success of the Netflix hit show Squid Game. Before the pump, SQUID was worth about two cents. Soon after the marketing ploy hit, the coin went from $0.01 to $38 within a week. The perpetrators rode on the FOMO and [made off with $12 million](https://www.yahoo.com/video/biggest-pump-dump-scheme-ever-123048530.html). Invest in various tokens. Only invest your money after you have carefully evaluated a project. If it crashes, take your money out while there's still time.

Another psychological trick these fraudsters use to ensnare you is the idea that everyone in a pump group is an insider. The truth is, as [Coffeezilla puts it](https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-southwest/coffeezilla-the-youtuber-exposing-crypto-scams), “there is an insider within an insider club in all of these pump and dumps."
"Only true insiders are aware of the pump and dump signals before others."

If you're not a founding member of the token community, your investment will only amount to zero.
Why is a fashion influencer suddenly talking about some cryptocurrency? Your answer: it's most likely a scam. Influencers and celebrities are a major part of legitimizing a scam token. Their reputation (though paid for) is staked as a reason to buy.

A sudden spike in the price of a relatively unknown coin points to the "pump phase" of the coin. You can see on the price chart a sharp price hike. This is a red flag.

## Bottom line

The unregulated crypto industry opens the door for fraudulent players in the market. The high and fast profits from these pump and dump schemes entice scammers to take advantage of unsuspecting investors.

A vigilant investor knows to always be on the lookout for these scam schemes. You don't invest more than you're willing to lose while spreading your investment across different tokens. Only invest your money after you have carefully evaluated a project. If it crashes, take your money out while there's still time.


How to Spot a Pump and Dump

Sam Bankman-Fried, the detained founder of the bankrupt crypto exchange FTX, reportedly signed documents on 20 December that will see SBF handed over to Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents and taken to the United States, where he will face criminal charges.

Bankman-Fried was [reported](https://cointelegraph.com/news/sbf-signs-extradition-papers-set-to-return-to-face-charges-in-the-us) to have agreed to be [extradited](/news/article/former-ftx-ceo-sbf-arrested) to the US just hours after his lawyer told a judge in the Bahamas that he was not ready to consent.

## SBF is to be taken to the US to face criminal charges

According to Bahamas Acting Commissioner of Corrections Doan Cleare, Bankman-Fried signed his surrender documents on Tuesday. Today, SBF will sign separate papers finalising his waiver of rights to fight extradition at the Magistrate's Court in Nassau.
[Bankman-Fried](/news/article/sam-bankman-fried-lost-billions) is expected to be accompanied by FBI agents on a private flight back to the US, where he faces eight counts in an accusation by the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York. 

According to the [New York Times](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/20/technology/sam-bankman-fried-bail.html), Bankman-Fried's legal team is negotiating with federal prosecutors to allow him to be released on bail if he is extradited to the US.

According to sources, the agreement, which requires the approval of the federal judge overseeing the SBF case, could include highly restrictive conditions such as home custody and electronic monitoring.

## Allegations on SBF 

The Department of Justice has accused SBF of campaign finance violations, commodities and securities fraud, conspiracy to commit wire and money laundering, and wire fraud.

If found guilty of all charges, he could face up to 115 years in prison.

[The Commodity Futures Trading Commission and SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) have filed additional charges](/news/article/ftx-boss-denied-bail-in-bahamas) against the founder of FTX for allegedly breaking commodity laws and defrauding investors.

After three years of rapid growth, FTX and numerous related companies filed for bankruptcy last month. The exchange was worth US$32 billion at its peak.

Authorities in the Bahamas and the US continue to investigate the involvement of SBF in FTX's collapse last month. The exchange was headquartered in the Bahamas.



SBF Agrees to Return to US to Face Fraud Charges

Karl Sebastian Greenwood, the co-founder of the fraudulent cryptocurrency OneCoin scam, has pleaded guilty to charges brought by the United States Department of Justice (DoJ).

[He faces a maximum of 60 years in prison](https://cointelegraph.com/news/4b-onecoin-scam-co-founder-pleads-guilty-faces-60-years-jail) if convicted of all charges. The DoJ said on 16 December that Greenwood had entered a guilty plea in a federal court in Manhattan to charges of money laundering conspiracy, money laundering conspiracy, and wire fraud conspiracy. Each charge carries a maximum potential sentence of 20 years in prison.

With the OneCoin scam, Greenwood is alleged to have operated "one of the greatest worldwide fraud schemes ever committed", according to US Attorney Damian Williams. 

## OneCoin Scam Promoted as a 'Bitcoin Killer'

Williams further asserts that Greenwood promoted the OneCoin sam as a "Bitcoin killer" despite the tokens being "totally worthless". Greenwood and "Cryptoqueen" Ruja Ignatova were the founders of OneCoin. It was a Bulgarian company that sold a cryptocurrency with the same name, and Greenwood was the CEO of the OneCoin scam.

According to emails that the DoJ collected between the two parties before the company's establishment in 2014, the individuals referred to it as a "trashy currency". Outwardly, it appeared to be a multi-level marketing company, with members earning commissions for allegedly selling cryptocurrency bundles containing OneCoin and the capacity to mine more cryptocurrency. This was the company's stated intention.

OneCoin could only be converted into fiat currency through the Xcoinx exchange, a private platform. It was a [combination of a pyramid and a Ponzi scheme](/news/article/bitcoin-motion-trading-bot-scam) since investors could bring in new members without a tangible product on offer. Later investors were compensated with the money from the initial investors. 

According to the DoJ, Greenwood's position as the "global master distributor" of the fake cryptocurrency enterprise resulted in him collecting around $21.2 million (€20 million) monthly. On 5 April, 2023, Greenwood is scheduled to appear in front of District Judge Edgardo Ramos to receive his punishment.


red onecoin store boarded up with karl sebastian greenwood in foreground

OneCoin Scam Co-Founder Admits Fraud

According to recent reports, authorities were alerted of the FTX's fraud before it made headlines. [Co-CEO Ryan Salame alerted Bahamian authorities](https://cointelegraph.com/news/ftx-bahamas-co-ceo-ryan-salame-blew-the-whistle-on-ftx-and-sam-bankman-fried) a few days before FTX filed for [bankruptcy](/news/article/ftx-bankrupt-who-to-blame) in November.

He alleged that founder Sam Bankman-Fried might have defrauded investors by [transferring money](https://cointelegraph.com/news/alameda-had-unfair-trading-advantage-special-access-to-ftx-funds-cftc-filing) to his sister company, Alameda Research.

## Ryan Salame takes on FTX and Sam Bankman-Fried

Contrary to the vast majority of market rumours, one of the company's top executives, not Changpeng Zhao (CZ) of Binance, was the one who brought down SBF and FTX. The declaration made on Wednesday is the first time an insider's turn against Bankman-Fried has been acknowledged publicly.

According to Bahamian court documents filed on 14 December, Ryan Salame, the former co-CEO of FTX Digital Markets (FDM), informed the SCB (Securities Commission of the Bahamas) on 9 November that the company was sending client funds to its sister trading company Alameda Research.

Salame claimed that the transfer was neither authorised nor approved by clients and that the money was intended to compensate for Alameda's financial losses. Furthermore, he disclosed to the SCB that only three people had the authority to transfer client assets to Alameda: the engineer Nishad Singh, the former CEO Sam Bankman-Fried, and Zixiao “Gary” Wang, the other co-founder of the company.

Salame claimed that he informed Bankman-Fried and Alameda executives that it was against "normal corporate governance" for client funds to have been mixed with Alameda's.

Following that, Christina Rolle, executive director of the SCB, requested an [investigation](/news/article/ftx-exchange-under-investigation) from the commissioner of the Royal Bahamas Police Force because the information “may have held misappropriation, theft, fraud, or some other crime".

The following day, 10 November, the [SCB froze FDM's assets](https://cointelegraph.com/news/bahamas-securities-regulator-freezes-ftx-assets) and suspended its registration in the country. A provisional liquidator was appointed by the Bahamian Supreme Court to try to save the company's assets.
According to the filings, Salame is believed to be in Washington, DC, and has not spoken publicly since the exchange's downfall.

His most recent public tweet was on 7 November, when he responded "lol" to Binance co-founder Yi He after He explained why the exchange [sold its FTX Token FTT holdings](/news/article/ftx-vs-binance-liquidate-funds).

## The collapse of FTX has had an absurd impact on the industry

Mixing SBF's companies' funds was a significant issue in the FTX scandal. In recent weeks, another former executive from FTX's affiliated companies is thought to have been assisting authorities.

On 4 December, images purportedly showing Alameda CEO Caroline Ellison in a coffee shop near the US Attorney's Office fueled rumours. Following the company crash, the cryptocurrency community believes she may have made a deal with authorities. 

Bankman-Fried is, to date, the only person charged in connection with FTX and Alameda so far. He is [accused](/news/article/ftx-boss-denied-bail-in-bahamas) of money laundering, political campaign finance violations, and wire and securities fraud.

Bankman-Fried, Wang, Singh, and Ellison are said to have run a "wirefraud" group chat on Signal, the encrypted messaging app, to send sensitive information about FTX and Alameda's operations. Bankman-Fried denied any knowledge of or participation in the group.


red image of ftx logo on mobile phone. Ryan Salame sitting in foreground. 

Co-CEO Ryan Salame Exposes FTX Truth

A [judge in the Bahamas has refused bail for Sam Bankman-Fried](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63967010.amp), the founder and former boss of the bankrupt crypto exchange FTX. According to the most recent sources, he will be detained by Bahamian authorities following his [arrest](/news/article/former-ftx-ceo-sbf-arrested) on 12 December, 2022.

Joyann Ferguson-Pratt, the judge in the case, has scheduled an extradition hearing for 8 February, 2023. The hearing was arranged in response to the decision to deny the former FTX boss bail.

## Ex-FTX boss in court

During the hearing, the attorney for the former FTX boss asked the judge whether SBF might be released on a $250,000 bond. The lawyer argued that his release is required since he requires daily medication.

Prosecutors in the Bahamas resisted the proposal, claiming it violated a treaty with the United States. The attorneys also stated that defendants should be imprisoned while extradition procedures were underway under the treaty provisions.

Bankman-Fried notified the judge that he would not forgo his right to contest the extradition. He then hinted that he could desire to stay in the Bahamas on purpose.

Bankman-Friend, wearing a blue suit without a tie, dropped his head and hugged his parents when the judge ruled that his danger of flight was "very severe". The judge ordered him to be detained in the Bahamas until 8 February.

## Allegations on FTX boss

After the Royal Bahamas Police was informed of a secret indictment by US prosecutors, they arrested SBF on Monday. The arrest was sparked by an unsealed indictment which included eight charges against SBF. These included conspiracy and wire fraud, for allegedly abusing billions of dollars in client payments before his cryptocurrency empire's stunning collapse last month.

Furthermore, the [SEC](/news/article/sec-crypto-enforcement-warning), CFTC, and the US Department of Justice filed complaints against Bankman-Fried on Tuesday for suspected securities and commodities fraud. Bahamas government officials are conducting civil and criminal investigations against him and FTX.

The day's events concluded a remarkable fall from grace for SBF, who created a fortune worth more than $20 billion as he rode a cryptocurrency boom to grow FTX into one of the world's largest exchanges.


red image of bankman fried in front of image of man in handcuffs. 

Former FTX Boss Denied Bail in the Bahamas

The founder and disgraced CEO of the failed crypto exchange FTX, Sam Bankman-Fried, was arrested on Monday after the US Government filed a criminal indictment.

These charges follow weeks of speculation that the FTX CEO misused customer funds.

## FTX CEO arrested

Sam Bankman-Fried, popularly known as SBF, was arrested by the Royal Bahamas Police Force. The police said that the arrest was initiated following receipt of formal notification from the US Government that it filed criminal charges and is likely to request that SBF be extradited.

In a statement, the Bahamas Police confirmed that Bankman-Fried was taken into custody without a hitch at his Albany apartment complex at 6pm.

SBF's arrest resulted from financial offences alleged in the US which would also be offenses in the Bahamas, the statement said.

A sealed indictment filed by the Southern District of New York was the basis for the arrest. US Attorney Damian Williams confirmed this in a [tweet](https://twitter.com/SDNYnews/status/1602451395910803457). 

Last month, the exchange filed for bankruptcy in the US after it imploded [almost overnight](/news/article/sam-bankman-fried-lost-billions), leaving customers unable to access their funds. According to court filings, FTX owed its largest creditors around $3.1 billion.

The dramatic fall from grace has been the talk of the market. The exchange's CEO was expected to testify about the [company's collapse](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/technology/ftx-text-messages.html) in Congress on Tuesday.

## Bankman-Fried future looks clouded

According to the [New York Times](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/12/business/ftx-sam-bankman-fried-bahamas.html), the charges filed against Bankman-Fried include wire fraud, wire fraud conspiracy, securities fraud, security fraud conspiracy, and money laundering.

However, it's still unclear whether customers will be able to recover some, if not all, of their funds. A 2 November report on ties between FTX and Alameda, a trading company also controlled by the FTX CEO, exposed that Alameda's balance sheet was overexposed to FTT currency (FTX's token).

According to the extradition treaty between the US and the Bahamas, defendants may be returned to the US provided their offenses carry a minimum one-year sentence in both countries.

The 30-year-old has recently disregarded legal counsel and increased his public appearances, providing his version of his company's abrupt failure and typically portraying himself as an inept CEO.

"I didn't knowingly commit fraud," he said during a BBC at the weekend. SBF told the interviewer he didn't want any of this to happen and added that he was "not nearly as competent" as he believed himself to be.



red image of crime scene with pictures of Sam Bankman-Fried and a sign that says "bahamas"

Former FTX CEO Sam Bankman-Fried Arrested

South Korean prosecutors claim that the founder and CEO of [Terraform Labs](https://www.terra.money/), Do Kwon, is hiding in Serbia. They believe he left Singapore a couple of months earlier and moved to Serbia. 

[Do Kwon](/news/article/do-kwon-terra) is hiding as he was charged with a breach of financial laws. He is involved in the controversial collapse of the Terra ecosystem that startled the market. However, the global manhunt for the crypto fugitive is still going on. 

A report by [Chosun Media](https://www.chosun.com/economy/stock-finance/2022/12/12/VXFAUH7R7BFSVCYDEM7RNPRCXI/) says that the investigation authorities have stated that they received intelligence about his whereabouts in Serbia. They investigated further and “found it to be true".

## Do Kwon hiding: South Korean authorities seek cooperation

The South Korean investigation authority is already seeking to cooperate with the Serbian government. The Chosun Media report also suggests that the Financial and Securities Criminal Unit of Seoul Southern District Prosecutor will request assistance from Serbian officials. 

The authorities have yet to discover why Do Kwon left for Serbia. They believe it is only to avoid investigation and prosecution.

The notorious figure in the crypto industry earlier moved to Singapore just before [Terra-Luna collapsed](/news/article/terra-luna-collapse). In September, Seoul’s prosecutors issued red warrants for his arrest. The charges included breaching capital market regulations and also giving false information to investors. 

Since then, his whereabouts have not been known. The Korean authorities are yet to track down the fugitive's exact location. In October, they found out that he had left Singapore. He is believed to fly to Dubai and then to an unknown country. Singaporean officials also confirmed this news. 

![do kwon.png](https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/prod-monitalks-media/do_kwon_810aeec14a.png)
  
In October, South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a warrant to surrender his passport. However, they have yet to get a response. Meanwhile, on Twitter, he maintained that he was not trying to hide.


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